Notes :Programming in C# Jump Start ( Microsoft Exam-70-483)

Important topics and Notes

Module 1:

Object orineted Programing ; Managed Language & C#

What is Object Oriented Programming

To be object oriented, a language is designed around the concept of objects. that are something, have certain properties and exhibit certain behaviors. This means the language generally includes support for: —

Encapsulation — Inheritance — Polymorphism

What is Managed Language

Managed languages depend on services provided by a runtime environment.

• C# is one of many languages that compile into managed code.

• Managed code is executed by the Common Language Runtime (CLR).

• The CLR provides features such as: — Automatic memory management — Exception Handling — Standard Types — Security

There are 3 categories of types:

— Value types : these directly store values

— Reference types:or objects, store a reference to data

— Pointer types:only available in unsafe code

What are Lambda Expressions

• An enhancement of anonymous methods
• • An unnamed method written inline
• • An alternative to a delegate
• • At compile time a lambda expression becomes either: — An instance of a delegate — Or an expression tree
• • Expressions are validated at compile time, but evaluated at run time.
• • Dynamic expression trees are supported

Module 2:

Constructing Complex Types, Object Interfaces and Inheritance and Generics

Classes and Structs

• A class or struct defines the template for an object.

• A class represents a reference type
• A struct represents a value type
• Reference and value imply memory strategies

When to Use Structs :

Use structs if:

— instances of the type are small

— the struct is commonly embedded in another type

— the struct logically represent a single value

— the values don’t change (immutable)

— It is rarely “boxed” (see later)

• Note: structs can have performance benefits in computational intensive applications

Note : Useful : 2 classes inside same namespace

Inheritance

— Classes can optionally be declared as:

1. static — can never be instantiated
2. abstract — can never be instantiated; it is an incomplete class
3. sealed — all classes can be inherited unless marked as sealed

— Virtual Methods

1. Virtual methods have implementations
2. They can be overridden in derived class.

What are Virtual Functions

Virtual Function is a function in base class, which is overrided in the derived class, and which tells the compiler to perform Late Binding on this function.

Virtual Keyword is used to make a member function of the base class Virtual.

Example :

Link : http://www.studytonight.com/cpp/virtual-functions.php

difference between genric and collection

Module 3:

Controlling Programmatic Flow & Manipulating Types and Strings

Module 4:

Code Reflection and Information ,Working with Garbage Collection

What is Reflection

Reflection inspects type metadata at runtime

The type metadata contains information such as:

1. The type Name
2. The containing Assembly
3. Constructors
4. Properties
5. Methds
6. Attributes

• This data can be used to create instances, access values and execute methods dynamically at runtime

Code Example: https://gist.github.com/harshityadav95/59b0a2e54f7c7f61f3f0c5c99d85bee4.js

What is Garbage Collection

Garbage collection is automatic memory management.

• De-referenced objects (orphans) are not collected immediately but periodically.

• factors influence Garbage Collection frequency —
• Not all orphans are collected at the same time

Garbage Collection is computationally expensive

Memory Leaks

• Despite having automatic memory management, it is still possible to create managed memory leaks.
• • Objects that fall out of scope may be referenced by objects in scope, keeping them alive.
• • Events can be a common source of memory leaks:Events can hold references to objects ,Solution! Unsubscribe from events proactively
• • Weak references can be used to avoid some memory leak scenarios

Weak Reference

• Weak references create a reference that the Garbage Collector ignores.
• • The Garbage Collector will assume an object is eligible for collection if it is only referred to by weak references.
• • To hold an object with only weak references, create a local variable referring to the weak reference value.

— This prevents collection until the local variable is out of scope.

Module 5:

Type and Value Validation , Encryption Technique

What is Data Validation

• Data validation is testing values introduced to an app (via a service, file, or data entry) against expected values and ranges.

1. Prevent overflow
2. Prevent incorrect results
3. Prevent undesirable side-effects
4. Provide guidance to systems or users
5. Prevent security intrusions

The compiler validates that the object type is correct — It does not validate the object’s value

• Debug / Trace Assert() methods alert the developer or the user
• Raise an Exception:

— System.ArgumentException

— System.ArgumentOutofRangeException

— System.ArgumentNullException

Data Contracts

• “Design by Contract” from the Eiffel programming language
• Code contracts are a unified system that can replace all other approaches to data validation
• Code contracts have — Preconditions (Requires) — Post-conditions (Ensures)
• A contract assertion can be “evaluated” statically
• A contract assertion can be “enforced” at runtime

What is Encryption

• An encryption algorithm makes data unreadable to any person or system until the associated decryption algorithm is applied.

— Encryption does not hide data; it makes it unreadable

— Encryption is not the same as compression

• Types of encryption

— File Encryption

— Windows Data Protection

— Hashing, used for signing and validating

— Symmetric and Asymmetric

Simple Encryption Mehtods

• File Encryption

— Encrypts and decrypts files

— Fast to encrypt/decrypt

— Based on user credentials

• Windows Data Protection

— Encrypts and decrypts byte[]

— Fast to encrypt/decrypt

— Based on user credentials

Hashing

One-way encryption

• Common algorithms:

— MD5 (generates a 16 character hash than can be stored in a Guid)

— SHA (SHA1, SHA256, SHA384, SHA512)

Fast (depending on chosen algorithm)

• Used for storing passwords, comparing files, data corruption/tamper checking — Use SHA256 or greater for passwords or other sensitive data

Symmetric Encryption

• One key is used for both encryption and decryption
• Faster than asymmetric encryption

• Cryptography namespace includes five symmetric algorithms:

— Aes (recommended)

— DES

— RC2

— Rijndael

— TripleDES

Asymmetric (or Public Key) Encryption

• One key is used for encryption and another key for decryption
• Commonly used for digital signatures
• Cryptography namespace includes four asymmetric algorithms:

— DSA

— ECDiffieHellman

— ECDsa

— RSA (most popular)

More Notes from NSM Subject : http://telegra.ph/Network-Security--Management-Notes-05-28-2

Code Snippet For Encryption in C# : https://gist.github.com/harshityadav95/8f332c8889d93823e79435b110078a0c

Module 6:

Splitting Assemblies and Projects , Diagnostics and Instrumentation

What is an assembly?

• An assembly is a container for a set of resources and types.
• Assemblies can be referenced by other assemblies.
• Some assemblies are specific to certain technologies.
• In Visual Studio, an assembly equates to a Project

What is Instrumentation?

• Instrumentation is code that reports performance information.
• Telemetry aggregates instrumentation for analysis.
• Diagnostics or Analysis is the use a telemetry to track causes of errors or identify trends.

What is a Performance Counter?

• Performance Counter is a sampling for a single operation
• You write to a counter by incrementing or decrementing

— Trending is accomplished using tooling

• You must have permission

• Counters are typically categorized

Module 7:

Interacting with File System, Working With REST Services

Why read or write to the file system?

• Show existing data to user
• Integrate user-provided data
• Serialize objects out of memory
• Persist data across sessions
• Determine environment configuration

How do we write to files?

• This is simplified with Framework methods; open / shut — File.WriteAllText / ReadAllText
• Open for reading to keep open and keep writing
• Open as stream for large payloads and realtime processing

How do we find files?

• Get Windows folder with Environment Special Folders
• Get the Current folder with File.IO Get Current Directory()
• Use Isolated Storage dedicated to the current application
• Anything Else. Caveat: Windows Store App development

How do we modify files?

• Iterate through files using GetFiles()
• Rename / Move with System.IO methods
• Get File Info with System.UI.FileInf

What are Web Services?

• Web Services encapsulate implementation
• Web Services expose to disparate system
• Web Services allow client systems to communicate servers — Web protocols (HTTP, GET, POST, etc)
• Web Services are important to Service Oriented Architecture

— With and without metadata

— Loose coupling

What is SOAP?

• SOAP is a standard for returning structured data from a Web Service as XML

— Envelope

— — — Header

— — —Bod

What is asynchronous programming ?

• Asynchronous maximizes resources on multicore systems, by allowing units of work to be separated and completed.
• Asynchronous programming frees up the calling system, especially a user interface, as to not wait for long operations.

What is the C# ASYNC/AWAIT keywords

• Async and await simplify asynchronous programming.
• Async and await allow asynchronous code to resemble the structure of synchronous code.
• Methods marked with async may return Task<T>.
• The async keyword instructs the compiler to allow await.
• The await keyword instructs the method to return.
• The await keyword instructs the compiler to resume execution within the same context after the operation is complete

Code Snippet : https://gist.github.com/harshityadav95/fc3ee3edaf390b55a1565f9043473dbe

Module 8:

Accessing a Database , Using LINQ

(More Notes on C# to JSON)

What databases can we use?

• Windows Azure SQL Database
• Local Network SQL Server
• Local Machine SQL Server Express
• Application SQL LocalDB
• Application SQL CE
• Other providers: Oracle, SqLite, MySql, DB2, Jet

— ADO.Net implements a provider model enabling many (if not all) databases. Database implementation is abstracted.

Types of access to a database

• Low-level — Manual queries — DbDataReader
• Object Relationship Models (ORM)

— Conceptual Modelling

— Entity Framework, Nhibernate, CSLA, Dapper

What is Language Integrated Query

• LINQ is a general-purpose Query Language
• LINQ is an integrated part of the .Net languages
• LINQ is Type Safe and has Intellisense
• LINQ includes operators like Traversal, Filter, and Projection
• LINQ can be optimized with compiler versions
• LINQ can be invoked using its Query Syntax
• LINQ can be invoked using its Method Syntax

Reference :

harshityadav95/Jump-Start-with-CSharp-

C# Beginner